Chapters+4+&+5

Here's a reminder of some of the thoughts we had in class about how we'd like to organize:
 * 1) I have copied and pasted our objectives on to this page. You should be able to click at the end of an objective, press enter, and begin your answer without having to rephrase the objective. Please see example below: I have chosen this sickly green color for my voice. Everyone should pick a color that will be legible on the page and use it any time you comment so that we know who's speaking. This way, if perhaps Ashley had chosen blue, I could see her response to my answer for #1.
 * 2) We discussed including the page number(s) where you found the information so they could be easily referenced later.

Contact Info
Shelley Asbury 540 520 3611 ShelleyLR@gmail.com Erin Ferguson 540 761 7833 eekf4@yahoo.com Sarah Garrison 540 309 9905 (txt ok) sarahcgarrison@gmail.com Ashley Gish 540 581 2668 (txt ok) blndbombers@yahoo.com //Tina Ryder 540 521 5639// TmRYDER@hotmail.com Crystal Lane 540 561 2648 lanec76@gmail.com Mary Beth 540 915 5603 melizabeth1121@msn.com

Comments:
Hey All. I don't know if we should go through and divvy this up to make things equal, or just start working and get it done as we have time... Erin, Ashley, and I all agreed it would be nice to have this finished up ahead of time so we could elaborate, correct, and study well in advance of the next "assessment". Opinions on division of labor? Also, we invited Mary Beth to join. Welcome! Pick a color, dive in, and if you want to set up a study group our contact any of us, contact info is all here.

=**__Histology (tissues)__**= The study of tissues. || a. Epithelial b. Connective c. Muscular d. Nervous || Epithelial tissues make up linings and have contact with air.  connective tissue supports, protects, and binds other tissues together. Muscular: contracts to cause movement Nervous: internal communication || a. Simple Squamous: Single layer of flat cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm. b. Simple Cubiodal: Single layer of cubed-shaped cells with large spherical central nuclei. c. Simple Columnar: Single layer of column-shaped cells with round to oval nuclei. May contain microvilli and goblet cells. d. Pseudostratified Columnar: Single layer of columnar shaped cells of differing sizes., nuclei at different levels. May contain cilia or goblet cells. e. Stratified Squamous: Many layers of flat cells. Basal layer are cubiodal and apical surface are squamal (flat) f. Stratified Cubiodal: Multi-layers of cubed-shaped cells. g. Stratified Columnar: Multi-layers of column-shaped cells. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 10pt;">h. Transitional: Resembles both columnar and cubiodal; basal cells are cubiodal/columnar, apical are dome-shaped. || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 10pt;">a. Simple Sqaumous: kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of the heart/blood vessels/lymphatic vessels <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 10pt;">b. Simple Cubiodal: kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 10pt;">c. Simple Columnar: Noneciliated type found in GI tract from stomach to anus, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands. Ciliated type lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 10pt;">d. Psuedostratified Columnar: Nonciliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands. Ciliated type lines the trachea and most of the upper respiratory system. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 10pt;">e. Stratified Squamous: Nonkeratinized (moist) forms the lining of the mouth, esophagus, and vagina. Keratinized (dry) forms the skin. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 10pt;">f. Stratified Cubiodal: Lines the largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 10pt;">g. Stratified Columnar: Rare in the body. Small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 10pt;">h. Transitional: Lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra. || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">a. Diffusion/Filtration, secretes lubricating substance in serosae <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">b. Secretion and Absorption <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">c. Secretion and Absorption, Ciliated-type propels mucus <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">d. Secretion <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">e. Protects underlying tissue <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">f. Protection <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">g. Protection and Secretion <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">h. Allows stretching || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 10pt;">a. Loose connective tissue (Areolar): Gel-like matrix with elastic fibers/collagen fibers/reticular fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and some WBC. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 10pt;">b. Loose connective tissue (Adipose): Gel-like matrix is sparse, closely packed adiposcytes that have nucleus pushed to the side. (resembles bubbles) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 10pt;">c. Loose connective tissue (Reticular): Network of reticular fibers in a typically loose matrix. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 10pt;">d. Dense connective tissue, Regular: Primarily parallel collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 10pt;">e. Dense connective tissue, Irregular: Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers with few elastic fibers. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 10pt;">f. Dense connective tissue, Elastic: High proportion of elastic fibers very densely packed. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">g. Cartilage (hyaline): firm matrix, collagen fibers form imperceptible network, chondroblasts produce in matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in the lacunae. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">h. Elastic: Similar to hyaline but more elastic fibers in matrix <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">i. Fibrocartilage: Matrix similar but lest firm than that of hyaline, thick collagen fibers are prominent. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">j. Osseous (Bone): Hard, calicified matrix containing collagen fibers, osteocytes lie in lacunae. (resembles tree rings) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">k. Mesenchyme: Gel-like matrix with fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells. || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">a. Under epithelia of body (forms lamina propria of mucous membranes, packages organs, surrounds capillaries) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">b. Under skin in the hypodermis, around the kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen and breasts <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">c. Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">d. Tendons and most ligaments <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">e. Fibrous capsules of organs and joints, dermis of skin, submucosa of GI tract. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">f. Walls of large arteries, within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column and within the walls of the bronchial tubes <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">g. Forms most of the embryonic skeleton, covers the ends of the long bones in joint cavities, forms costal (rib) cartilage, cartilage of nose, trachea, larynx. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">h. Supports external ear, epiglottis <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">i. Intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, disc in knee joints <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">j. Bone <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">k. Embryo || a. Wraps and cushions organs, holds and conveys tissue fluid b. Provides reserve fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports and protects organs c. Forms soft internal structure that supports other cell types d. Attaches muscle to bone and or other muscle, withstands great tensile strength in one direction e. Allows recoil of tissue after stretching f. Able to withstand great tensile strength in many directions, provides structural strength g. Supports and reinforces, cushions h. Maintains shape of a structure while allowing flexibility i. Tensile strength, shock absorption j. Supports and protects, provides levers for muscles to act on, stores calcium/minerals/fat, marrow inside is site for blood cell formation k. Gives rise to all connective tissue || <span style="color: #808000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">"**cytes**" are adult cells that maintain the matrix, "**blasts**" develop new cells, **fat cells** store nutrients, **white blood cells** migrate back and forth from bloodstream to respond to injury, **macrophages** phagocytize foreign materials, and **mast cells** cluster along blood vessels and are instrumental in inflammation.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Overview of histology & tissue types || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1. Define the term histology.
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2. List the four major tissue types.
 * ^  || //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3. // Contrast <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">the general features of the four major tissue types.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Microscopic anatomy, location, & functional roles of epithelial tissue || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1. Classify the different types of epithelial tissues based on distinguishing structural characteristics.
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2. Describe locations in the body where each type of epithelial tissue can be found.
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3. Describe the functions of each type of epithelial tissue in the human body and correlate function with structure for each tissue type.
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">4. Identify the different types of epithelial tissue using proper microscope technique. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Microscopic anatomy, location, & functional roles of connective tissue || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1. Classify the different types of connective tissues based on distinguishing structural characteristics
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2. Describe locations in the body where each type of <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">connective tissue can be found.
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3. Describe functions of each type of connective tissue in the human body and correlate function with structure for each tissue type.
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">4. Compare and contrast the roles of individual cell types and fiber types within connective tissue.

<span style="color: #808000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Collagen Fibers provide tensile strength and support, elastic fibers stretch and recoil, and reticular fibers (made of a thinner strand of collagen) branch extensively to provide a net for cells to rest in || a. Skeletal: Striated. Attached to the bones or skin with in the skeleton b. Cardiac: Intercalated discs, Walls of the Heart c. Smooth: Very smooth in appearance. Mostly in the walls of hollow organs, GI tract, uterus || a. Voluntary Movement, Allows movement within the skeletal system b. Involuntary Movement, Pushes blood into circulatory system c. Involuntary Movement, Propels substances through internal passages. || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves || Neurons are branching cells, consists of dendrites and axons which make up the neuron process and a cell body || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">a. Mucous: Lines body cavities open to the exterior <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">b. Serous: Membranes within a closed ventral body cavity. Parietal: Internal body walls, Visceral: Covers internal organs <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">c. Cutaneous: Skin <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">d. Synovial: Line cavities and consist of connective tissue only || a. Hollow organs of digestive, urogenital, and respiratory tracts. (Wet Membranes) b. Ventral Cavities (Pleura of lungs, Pericardium, Peritoneum. (Wet Membranes) c. Skin (Dry Membrane)  d. Any place where 2 bones come together || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">a. Endocrine: Most are compact multicellular organs. Produce hormones. Duct-less <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">b. Exocrine: Unicellular/ Multicellular Secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities. Ducts || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">a. Endocrine : Pituitary Gland , Hypothalmus, Thymus<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">, Pineal Gland, Testes, Ovaries, Thyroid, Adrenal Glands, Parathyroid, Pancreas
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">5. Identify the different types of connective tissue using proper microscope technique. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Microscopic anatomy, location, & functional roles of muscular tissue || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1. Classify the different types of muscle tissues based on distinguishing structural characteristics and location in the body.
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2. Describe functions of each type of muscle tissue in the human body and correlate function with structure for each tissue type.
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3. Identify the different types of muscle tissue using proper microscope technique. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Microscopic anatomy, location, & functional roles of nervous tissue || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1. Describe locations in the body where <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">nervous tissue can be found.
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2. Describe the structure and function of neurons and neuroglial cells in nervous tissue and correlate function with structure for the different types of neuroglial cells.
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3. Identify neurons and neuroglial cells using proper microscope technique. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Membranes (mucous, serous, cutaneous & synovial) || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1. Describe the structure and function of mucous, serous, cutaneous & synovial membranes.
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2. Describe locations in the body where each type of membrane can be found.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Glands (exocrine vs. endocrine) || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1. Distinguish between exocrine and endocrine glands, structurally and functionally.
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2. Identify example locations in the body of exocrine and endocrine glands.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">b. Exocrine: Epithelial tissue of Intestinal and Respiratory tracts, stomach, sebaceous glands, mammary glands, salivary glands || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">a. Simple Tubular: Intestinal Glands
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3. Classify the different kinds of exocrine glands based on structure and function.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">b. Simple Branched Tubular: Stomach Glands

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">c. Compound Tubular: Duodenal glands of Small Intestine

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">d. Simple Alveolar: not in humans

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">e. Simple Branched Alveolar: Sebaceous glands

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">f. Compound Alveolar: mammary glands

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">g. Compound Tubuloalveolar: salivary glands || a. Inflammation sets the stage: Severed blood vessels bleed and inflammatory chemicals are released. Local blood vessels become more permeable, allowing white blood cells, fluid, clotting proteins and other plasma proteins to seep into wound. Clotting occurs and surface dries to form a scab. b. Organization restores blood supply: Clot is replaced by granulated tissue which restores vascular supply. Fibroblasts produce collagen that full the gap. Macrophages phagocytize cell debris. Surface epithelial cells multiply and migrate over granulated tissue. c. Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair: Fibrosed area matures and contracts, epithelium thickens. Fully regenerated epithelium with underlying area of scar tissue results. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Tissue injury & repair || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1. Describe how injuries affect epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues. ||
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2. Describe the stages in tissue repair following an injury.

=__Integument__= <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Protection against abrasion, permeation. Protects using a chemical barrier and a lipid/keratin layer. DNA in the skin provides biological protection against certain disease and is a factor in production of melanin. Dendritic cells attack bacteria, Skin produces sensations of temperature, touch, pain, or pressure. Regulates temperature by sweating. Skin metabolizes sunlight to activate vitiamin D, removes salt and nitrogens from body, acts as a blood reservoir ||   || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Stores fat, anchors skin to underlying structure ||  || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Stratum Corneum ("Horny Layer" top 20-30 layers); Stratum Lucidium (2-3 rows of clear, flat dead keratinocytes with indistinct boundaries; Stratum Granulosum (3-5 layers of flattened cells); Stratum Spinosum (Several layers of "spiny" keratinocytes); Stratum Basale (Basal layer, one row of actively mitotic stem cells) || - || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Thick Skin: Covers palms, soles of feet, fingertips. Epidermis consists of 5 layers. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Think Skin: Covers the rest of the body, no stratum lucidium and all other layers appear to be thinner. ||  || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">a. Papillary Layer: Areolar tissue where fine interlacing collagen and elastic fibers form a loosely woven mat that is heavily invested with small blood vessels. Top layer <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">b. Reiticular Layer: Irregularly arranged dense fibrous connective tissue. Also contains a netowrk of blood vessels. Accounts for about 80% of dermis. Bottom layer. ||  || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Melanin (yellow to tan to reddish-brown or black), Carotene (yellow-orange), Hemoglobin (pink-red) ||   || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">a. Melanin: deep layers of Epidermis <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">b. Carotene: Stratum Corneum and fatty tissue of hypodermis c. Hemoglobin: Dermal capillaries ||  || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Protection ||  || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Flexibility ||  || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">a. Papillary: Allows phagocytes and other defensive cells to wander freely <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">b. Reticular: Collagen gives strength and resiliency and binds with water to help stay hydrated. Elastic fibers provide recoil. ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">sebaceous glands, nails, hair (follicle and <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">arrector pili muscle), and sensory receptors (Merkel cell, <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Meissner’ s & Pacinian corpuscles, hair follicle receptor, and <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">temperature receptors): ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">General functions of the skin & the subcutaneous layer || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1. Describe the general functions of the skin.
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2. Describe the general functions of the subcutaneous layer (also known as the hypodermis or superficial fascia).
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Gross & microscopic anatomy of skin |||| <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1. With respect to the epidermis: ||
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">a. Identify and describe the tissue type making up the epidermis.
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">b. Identify and describe the layers of the epidermis, indicating which are found in thin skin and which are found in thick skin.
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">c. Correlate the structure of thick and thin skin with the locations in the body where each are found. ||   ||
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">d. Describe the processes of growth and keratinization of the epidermis. ||   ||
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2. Identify and describe the dermis and its layers, including the tissue types making up each dermal layer.
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3. Identify and describe the subcutaneous tissue, including the tissue type s <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">making up subcutaneous tissue. ||   ||
 * ^  |||| <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">4. With respect to skin color: ||
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">a. Describe the three pigments most responsible for producing the various skin colors.
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">b. Name the layers of the skin that contain each of these pigments.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Roles of specific tissue layers of skin & the subcutaneous layer |||| <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1. With respect to the epidermis: ||
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">a. Describe the functions of the epidermis.
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">b. Explain how each of the five layers, as well as each of the following cell types and substances, contributes to the functions of the epidermis: stem cells of stratum basale, keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells and discs, keratin, and extracellular lipids. ||   ||
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">c. Explain why the histology of the epidermis is well suited for its functions. ||   ||
 * ^  |||| <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2. With respect to the dermis: ||
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">a. Describe the overall functions of the dermis.
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">b. Describe the specific function of each dermal layer and relate that function to the skin’s overall functions.
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">c. Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the structure of the papillary and the reticular layers/regions. ||   ||
 * ^  |||| <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3. With respect to the subcutaneous layer: ||
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">a. Describe the functions of the subcutaneous layer. ||   ||
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">b. Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of having areolar connective tissue in this layer. ||   ||
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">c. Describe the thermoregulatory role played by adipose tissue in the subcutaneous layer. ||   ||
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">4. Analyze the benefits of skin being a multilayered organ. ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Anatomy & functional roles of accessory structures |||| <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1. With respect to the following - sweat glands (eccrine and apocrine),
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">a. Identify each structure ||   ||
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">b. Describe the location of each structure in the body

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Eccrine Gland: Palms, Soles of feet, forehead <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Apocrine Gland: Axillary and Anogenital <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sebaceous Glands: found all over body except for thick skin areas of palms and soles

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Nails:

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Hair Follicles:

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Arrector Pili Muscle: connects hair follicle to epidermis

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Merkel Cell: touch receptor in epidermal/dermal junction

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Meissner's Corpuscle: temperature receptors in papillary layer

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pacinian Corpuscle: vibration and pressure receptor in reticular layer of dermis

Hair follicle receptor:

Temp. receptor: ||  || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Eccrine Glands: (Merocrine) Coiled, tubular gland. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Apocrine Glands: (Merocrine) Ducts empty into hair follicles. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sebaceous Glands: Simple branched alveolar glands <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Nails: Scale-like modification of epidermis that forms a clear protective covering of the dorsal surface of a distal part of a finger or toe <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Hair Follicles: <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Arrector Pili Muscle: <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Merkel Cell: spiky hemisphere at epidermal/dermal junction <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Meissner's Corpuscle: <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Oval shaped receptors in papillary layer of dermis <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pacinian Corpuscle: egg shaped capsule in reticular layer of dermis Hair follicle receptor: Temp. receptor: ||  ||
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">c. Describe the anatomy of each structure
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">d. Describe the function of each structure ||   ||
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2. Describe the growth cycles of hair follicles and the growth of hairs. ||   ||
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3. Explain the physiological importance of the presence or absence of sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair in the skin of the palms and fingers. ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Application of homeostatic mechanisms || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1. Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the integumentary system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. ||  ||
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2. Explain <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">how the integumentary system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states & disorders || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1. Predict factors or situations affecting the integumentary system that could disrupt homeostasis. ||  ||
 * ^  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2. Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the integumentary system could not maintain homeostasis. ||   ||