Blood+&+Cardiovascular

AP2 Blood and Cardiovascular

CHAPTER 17
 * Overview: Blood Composition and Functions**
 * 1. Describe the composition and physical characteristics of whole blood. Explain why it is classified as a connective tissue.**
 * 2. List eight functions of blood.**


 * Blood Plasma**
 * 3. Discuss the composition and functions of plasma.**


 * Erythrocytes**
 * 4. Describe the structure, function, and production of erythrocytes.**
 * 5. Describe the chemical makeup of hemoglobin.**
 * 6. Give examples of disorders caused by abnormalities of erythrocytes. Explain what goes wrong in each disorder.**


 * Leukocytes**
 * 7. List the classes, structureal characteristics, and functions of leukocytes.**
 * 8. Describe how leukocytes are produced.**
 * 9. Give eamples of leukocyte disorders, and explain what goes wrong in each disorder.**


 * Platelets**
 * 10. Describe the structure and function of platelets.**


 * Hemostasis**
 * 11. Describe the process of hemostasis. LIst factors that limit clot formation and prevent undesirable clotting.**
 * 12. Give examples of hemostatic disorders. Indicate the cause of each condition.**


 * Transfusion and Blood Replacement**
 * 13. Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups. Explain the basis of transfusion reactions.**
 * 14. Describe fluids used to replace blood volume and the circumstances for their use.**


 * Diagnostic Blood Tests**
 * 15. Explain the diagnostic importance of blood testing.**


 * Developmental Aspects of Blood**
 * 16. Describe changes in the sites of blood production and in the type of hemoglobin produced after birth.**
 * 17. Name some blood disorders that become more common with age.**


 * The Cardiovascular System: The Heart**

1. Describe the size, shape, location, and orientation of the heart in the thorax. 2. Name the coverings of the heart. 3. Describe the structure and function of each of the three layers of the heart wall.
 * Heart Anatomy**

4. Describe the structure and functions of the four heart chambers. Name each chamber and provide the name and general route of its associated great vessels.
 * Chambers and Associated Great Vessels**

5. Trace the pathway of blood through the heart.
 * Pathway of Blood Through the Heart**

6. Name the major branches and describe the distribution of the coronary arteries.
 * Coronary Circulation**

7. Describe the structural and functional properties of cardiac muscle and explain how it differs from skeletal muscle. 8. Briefly describe the events of cardiac muscle cell contraction.
 * Cardiac Muscle Fibers**


 * Heart Physiology**

9. Name the components of the conduction system of the heart, and trace the conduction pathway. 10. Draw a diagram of a normal electrocardiogram tracing. Name the individual waves and intervals, and indicate what each represents. 11. Name some abnormalities that can be detected on an ECG tracing.
 * Electrical Events**

Heart Sounds 12. Describe normal heart sounds, and explain how heart murmurs differ.

Mechanical Events: The Cardiac Cycle 13. Describe the timing and events of the cardiac cycle.

Cardiac Output 14. Name and explain the effects of various factors regulating stroke volume and heart rate. 15. Explain the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating cardiac output.

Developmental Aspects of the Heart 16. Describe fetal heart formation, and indicate how the fetal heart differs from the adult heart. 17. Provide examples of age-related changes in heart functions

The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels

Structure of Blood Vessel Walls 1. Describe the layers that typically form the wall of a blood vessel, and state the function of each. 2. Define vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

Arterial System 3. Compare and contrast the structure and function of the three types of arteries.

Introduction to Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance 4. Define blood flow, blood pressure, and resistance, and explain the relationships between these factors.

Systemic Blood Pressure 5. List and explain the factors that influence blood pressure, and describe how blood pressure is regulated. 6. Define hypertesnion. Describe its manifestations and consequences.

Blood Flow Through Body Tissues: Tissue Perfusion 7. Explain how blood flow is regulated in the body in general and in its specific organs.

Blood Flow Through Capillaries and Capillary Dynamics 8. Outline factors involved in capillary dynamics, and explain the significance of each.

Circulatory Shock 9. Define circulatory shock. List several possible causes.

Developmental Aspects of Blood Vessels 10. Explain how blood vessels develop in the fetus. 11. Provide examples of changes that often occur in blood vessels as a person ages.