Practical+1

Exercise 27 1. To identify and name the major endocrine glands and tissues of the body when provided with an appropriate diagram. 2. To list the hormones produced by the endocrine glands and discuss the general functions of each. 3. To indicate the means by which hormones contribute to body homeostasis by giving appropriate exxamples of hormonal actions. 4. To cite mechanisms by which the endocrine glands are stimulated to release their hormones. 5. To describe the structural and functional relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary. 6. To describe a major pathological consequence of hypersecretion and hyposecretion of several of the hormones considered. 7. To correctly identify the histologic structure of the thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, anterior and posterior pituitary, adrenal cortex, and adrenal medulla by microscopic inspection or when presented with an appropriate photomicrograph or diagram. 8. To name and point out the specialized hormone-secreting cells in the above tissues as studied in the laboratory.

Exercise 29 1. To name the two major components of blood, and to state their average percentages in whole blood. 2. To describe the composition and functional importance of plasma. 3. To define formed elements and list the cell types composing them, cite their relative percentages, and describe their major functions. 4. To identify red blood cells, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils when provided with a microscopic preparation or appropriate diagram. 5. To provide the normal values for a total white blood cell count and a total red blood cell count, and to state the importance of these tests. 6. To conduct the following blood tests in the laboratory, and to state their norms and the importance of each: differential white blood cell count hematocrit hemoglobin determination clotting time ABO and RH blood typing plasma cholesterol concentration 7. To discuss the reason for transfusion reactions resulting from the administration of mismatched blood 8. To define leukocytosis, leukopenia, lukemia, polycythemia, and anemia and to cite a possible reason for each condition.

Exercise 30 1. To describe the location of the heart. 2. To name and locate the major anatomical areas and structures of the heart when provided with an appropriate model, diagram, or dissected sheep heart, and to eplain the function of each. 3. To trace the pathway of blood through the heart. 4. To explain why the heart is called a double pump, and to compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits. 5. To explain the operation of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves. 6. To trace the functional blood supply of the heart and name the associated blood vessels. 7. To describe the histology of cardiac muscles, and to note the importance of its intercalated discs and the spiral arrangement of its cells.

PEX 5 1. To understand how blood vessel radius affects blood flow rate, how radius is changed in the body, and how to interprest a graph of blood vessel radius versus blood flow rate. 2. To undesrtand how blood viscosity affects blood flow rate, list components that contribute to blood viscosity, explain conditions which may lead to viscosity changes in the blood, interpret graph. 3. To understand how blood vessel length affects blood flow rate, explain conditions that can lead to vessel length changes in the body, compare effect of length changes versus radius changes of vessels and how it affects flow rates. 4. To understand how blood pressure affects blood flow rate, what structure produces blood pressure in the human body, compare plot for pressure v/s/ blood flow to those for radius, viscosity, and length. 5. To understand the terms systole and diasotle, predict how vessel radius will affect flow rate, heart rate, and observe compensatory mechanisms for maintaining blood pressure. 6. To understand the effect of a change in venous retrun to the stroke volume, how stroke volume is changed in the heart, Frank-Starling law of the heart, preload, contractility, and afterload, distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic control of the heart, how heart rate and stroke volume contribute to cardiac output and blood flow. 7. To understand how aortic stenosis affects flow of blood through the heart, explain ways in which the cardiovascular system might compensate for changes peripheral resistance, how the heart compensates for changes in afterload, how heart valves affect the flow of blood through the heart. Exercise 32 1. To describe the tunics of blood vessel walls, and to state the function of each layer. 2. To correlate differences in artery, vein, and capillary structure with the functions of these vessels. 3. To recognize a cross-sectional view of an artery and vein when provided with a microscopic view or appropriate diagram. 4. To list and/or identify the major arteries arising from the aorta, and to indicate the body region supplied by each. 5. To list and/or identify the major veins draining into the superior and inferior vena cavae, and to indicate the body regions drained. 6. To point out and/or discuss the unique features of special circulations (pulmonary circulation, hepatic portal system, fetal circulation, cerebral arterial circle [circle of Willis] in the body.